Implantable vital sign sensor

ABSTRACT

An implantable vital sign sensor including a housing including a first portion, the first portion defining a first open end, a second open end opposite the first end, and a lumen there through, the first portion being sized to be implanted substantially entirely within the blood vessel wall of the patient. A sensor module configured to measure a blood vessel blood pressure waveform is included, the sensor module having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion being insertable within the lumen and the proximal portion extending outward from the first open end.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/083,676, filed Mar. 29, 2016 entitled “IMPLANTABLE VITAL SIGN SENSOR”, which is related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/143,592, filed Apr. 6, 2015, entitled “IMPLANTABLE VITAL SIGN SENSOR”, and is also related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/168,754, filed May 30, 2015, entitled “IMPLANTABLE VITAL SIGN SENSOR”, and is also related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/256,476, filed Nov. 17, 2015, entitled “OPTICAL METHODS FOR MEASURING PRESSURE LONG TERM TO DETECT AND MONITOR PRESSURE VARIATIONS AND WAVEFORMS”, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

n/a

FIELD

An implantable vital signs sensor and method of implantation thereof.

BACKGROUND

Real-time monitoring of a non-ambulatory patient's vital signs is typically achieved through non-invasive methods. For example, a patient in an operating room or ICU bed may have a blood pressure monitor with a cuff disposable about the upper arm; a pulse oximeter engaged around a fingertip; adhesive electrodes affixed to the skin (proximate to the heart) that measure the electrocardiogram and respiratory rate/pattern of respiration; an oral/aural thermometer that measures body temperature, and a stethoscope for monitoring heart/lung/airway sounds. These non-invasive vital signs sensors are often cumbersome and unwieldy. Patients that are hospitalized, immobilized, or stationary commonly tolerate the inconveniences inherent in non-invasive sensors.

The real-time monitoring of an ambulatory patient's vital signs, however, is more challenging owing to the patient's mobility, and lack of supervision by hospital staff. Many patients are not compliant obtaining frequent or timely vital sign measurement using non-invasive sensors. Moreover, even when a patient is attentive to compliance, the cumbersome nature of such devices often results in patient's either removing the devices or shifting the devices to a more comfortable position, which can create artifacts, inaccurate readings, and occlude blood flow. Moreover, non-invasive devices are typically less accurate and less stable than implantable sensors.

Long-term implantable intravascular blood pressure sensors have been devised to measure blood pressure in real-time. However, such intravascular blood pressure sensors are prone to obstruct blood flow and cause endothelial cell injury, thrombosis, and emboli. Other long-term implantable blood pressure sensors are disposed around the outer diameter of an artery wall and use applanation to produce a robust mechanical coupling with the transducer's diaphragm. Still other implantable blood pressure sensors are used for short periods of time in the operating rooms, catheterization laboratories, and ICUs of a hospital.

SUMMARY

An implantable vital sign sensor including a housing including a first portion, the first portion defining a first open end, a second open end opposite the first end, and a lumen there through, the first portion being sized to be implanted substantially entirely within the blood vessel wall of the patient. A sensor module configured to measure a blood vessel blood pressure waveform is included, the sensor module having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion being insertable within the lumen and the proximal portion extending outward from the first open end.

In another embodiment, a method of implanting a vital sign sensor includes percutaneously advancing a blood vessel piercing element. The blood vessel wall is pierced with the blood vessel piercing element and the blood vessel piercing element is advanced to at least one of a position adjacent and proximal to the basement membrane and to a position through the basement wall to create a cavity therein. A housing is slid over the blood vessel piercing element and positioned within the cavity, the housing defines a lumen there though. A sensor module is inserted within the lumen of the housing, the sensor module being configured to measure a blood vessel blood pressure waveform.

In yet another embodiment, the implantable vital sign sensor includes an elongate and biodegradable housing including a first portion, the first portion defining a first open end, a second open end opposite the first end, and a lumen there through, the first portion being sized to be implanted substantially entirely within the arterial wall of the patient. A second portion is substantially orthogonal with the first portion and configured to contour an exterior surface of the arterial wall when the distal end of the first portion is inserted to a position within the arterial wall substantially co-planar to the basement membrane and endothelial cells of the arterial wall. A sensor module retainable within the first portion is included, the sensor module having a pressure transducer configured to measure an arterial blood pressure waveform, the sensor module having a deflectable diaphragm responsive to a blood pressure waveform within the artery, the diaphragm being substantially co-planar to the basement membrane and endothelial cells of the arterial wall when the sensor module is retained within the first portion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, may be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a front cross-sectional view of an embodiment of implantable sensor constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a front cross-sectional view of the implantable sensor shown in FIG. 1 implanted within a blood vessel wall;

FIG. 3A is a side view of the implantable sensor shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 3B is a front cross-sectional view of the implantable sensor shown in FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a front cross-sectional view of the implantable sensor shown in FIG. 1 with an outer flexible stent or fabric that holds the sensor against the blood vessel wall and within the blood vessel wall tissue;

FIG. 5 is a system view of exemplary implanted vital signs sensors in communication with a watch and tablet computer;

FIG. 6 is a front perspective of an sensor mounting coupled to an implantable sensor housing and a sensor mounting retaining element wrapped around a blood vessel and constructed in accordance with the principles of the present application;

FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the sensor mounting platform shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of a portion of the sensor mounting retaining element shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a front cross-sectional view of the sensor mounting and the sensor mounting retaining element shown in FIG. 6 with the housing shown in FIG. 1 inserted within the sensor mounting;

FIG. 10 is a front perspective view of the housing shown in FIG. 9; and

FIG. 11 is a side view of the sensor mounting and the sensor mounting retaining element shown in FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “over” and “under,” “front” and “rear,” “in, within, and around” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements.

Referring now to the drawings in which like reference designators refer to like elements, there is shown in FIGS. 1-5 an exemplary implantable vital signs sensor device and monitoring system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present application and designated generally as “10.” As used herein the phrase “vital signs” refers to measurements related to a patient's, whether human or animal, basic body functions, including but not limited to, heart rate, blood pressure, blood pressure waveform, blood flow, respiratory rate, tidal volume, electrocardiogram, temperature, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, body position, activity level, and related measurements. The device 10 may include a housing 12 sized to be at least substantially retained entirely within a blood vessel wall of a patient, and in particular, the wall of a vein or an artery.

The long-term implantable vital sign monitoring device 10 may monitor one or more of the following physiologic parameters in real-time to determine a significant change from an individual patient's baseline pattern when living in the real-world environment: heart rate, heart rhythm, stroke volume, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, blood flow, myocardial contractility, valve function, cardiac timing intervals, respiratory rate, respiratory rhythm, tidal volume, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, heart sounds, lung sounds, upper airway sounds, bowel sounds, temperature, electrocardiogram (lead 2, V2, and V5), activity level, body position, and location on the earth. The long-term implantable vital sign monitoring device 10 may also record and store in memory one or more of the parameters for subsequent interpretation.

For example, the housing 12 may be sized to span the wall thickness of at least one of the internal thoracic (mammary) artery lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, intercostal artery, superior epigastric artery, carotid artery, aorta, renal artery, iliac artery, femoral artery, brachial artery, ulnar artery, and radial artery, which may range in wall thickness between approximately 100-1500 microns. For example, the housing 12 may be sized to span the wall thickness of at least one of the internal thoracic vein, lateral thoracic vein, internal jugular vein, external jugular vein, renal vein, vena cava, axillary vein, brachial vein, iliac vein, femoral vein and a peripheral vein, which may range in wall thickness between approximately 40-1000 microns. In addition, the housing 12 may be sized to span the wall thickness of a pulmonary artery or a pulmonary vein, which may range in wall thickness between approximately 40-1000 microns. The housing 12 may be composed of biodegradable and biocompatible materials such as polymers, biopolymers, hydrogels, collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid and polylactic acid, such that it may degrade after a predetermined amount of time within the body. Alternatively, the housing 12 may be composed of a biocompatible material such as stainless steel, titanium, composite, ceramic, silicone, PTFE, PE, PVC, epoxy, or glass that does not degrade over time. The housing 12 may be smooth or textured and coated with one or more compounds that promote the adhesion and health of the vessel wall tissue.

The housing 12 may include a first portion 14 sized to substantially span the entirety of wall thickness of the artery or vein into which the housing 12 is implanted. The first portion 14 may be substantially cylindrical in shape and define a lumen 16 there through. For example, when inserted within the internal mammary (thoracic) artery, the first portion 14 may define a length of approximately between 200-1,500 microns and a surface area of approximately 1 mm². In other configurations, the first portion 14 may define any hollow structure sized to substantially span the arterial wall thickness and provide the lumen 16 there through. The first portion 14 may further define a smooth outer surface to facilitate placement within the artery wall tissue, or alternately, may be threaded on its outer surface such that the first portion 14 may be secured within the artery wall tissue through rotation of the first portion 14. The first portion 14 may be adhered within the arterial wall with an adhesive, or alternatively, may include a textured surface that promotes the adhesion, ingrowth, or attachment of the surrounding vessel wall tissue or barbs or tines that engage the surrounding tissue. The first portion 14 further includes an open first end 18 configured to be positioned immediately adjacent to the basement membrane and endothelial cells of the artery (tunica intima) such that the first open end 18 is not in contact with blood flowing within the artery or vein and a second open end 20 opposite the first end 18. In an exemplary configuration, the distance between the first open end 18 and the blood stream when the first portion 14 is implanted within the arterial wall may be approximately 5 to 200 microns. In another configuration, the first open end 18 is substantially co-planar with the basement membrane and endothelial cells. In another configuration, the first end can extend 5 to 200 micrometers into the artery lumen, in contact with the flowing blood. In another configuration, the first end 18 may extend into the artery lumen, in contact with flowing blood.

Attached to the second end 20 may be a second portion 22 of the housing 12. The second portion 22 may be positioned substantially orthogonal to the first portion 14 and may extend across and contour at least a portion of the outer diameter of the arterial wall. For example, the second portion 22 may be substantially flat, rectangular, or round in shape, or alternatively, may define a curvature substantially corresponding to the curvature of the outer diameter of the arterial wall such that when the first portion 14 is received within the arterial wall, the second portion 22 may be pressed against the outer diameter of the arterial wall. The second portion 22 may further define a flat interior surface and a rounded or bulbous exterior surface such that the second portion 22 protrudes a distance away from the outer diameter of the artery. The distance between the first end 18 and interior surface of the second portion 22 may be prefabricated such that when the second portion 22 is pressed against the arterial wall, the first end 18 is position immediately adjacent to the basement membrane and endothelial cells. Thus, the second portion 22 is configured to operate as a stopper to facilitate the insertion of the first portion 14 to the desired depth within the arterial wall.

Ultrasound may be used to measure the artery wall outer diameter, wall thickness, and inner diameter to determine the appropriate length/size of the housing 12, the first portion 14, and the second portion 22. In particular, the surgeon may select from pre-fabricated bases with a particular height of the first portion 14 and length of the second portion 22 to accommodate differently sized arteries or veins or different wall thicknesses within the same patient or between different patients.

A vital signs sensor module 24 may be releasably or permanently inserted and received within at least a portion of the housing 12. For example, at least a portion of the vital signs sensor module 24 may be inserted through the second open end 20 into the lumen 16 of the housing 12. The module 24 may include a sensor housing 26 that includes one or more biosensors, such as a force or pressure transducer, configured to measure one or more physiological parameters of the patient, which can be transduced and correlated into one or more vital sign measurements. In particular, the sensor module 24 may include a pressure transducer configured to correlate a measured deflection of a diaphragm to a blood pressure waveform and a blood pressure measurement, as discussed in more detail below. The module 24 may be slideably received within the lumen 16 such that it is retained within the lumen 16 and within the arterial wall. In one configuration, the module 24 includes a capillary tube 28 with an optical fiber 30 or optical sensing mechanism 30, with a transducer diaphragm 32 on its distal tip. For example, the capillary tube 28 may have an optical fiber or optical sensing mechanism 30 disposed within the tube 28 having a rigid, semi-flexible, or flexible diaphragm 32 at its distal end, a portion of which is received within the lumen 16 and positioned to about the tunica intima cells of the artery proximate the first open end 18.

As shown in FIG. 1-2, the optical fiber 30 extends through the housing 26 and extends outward from the artery in a position substantially perpendicular to the length of the artery, but may extend in any direction. In one embodiment, the optical fiber 30 is not required and an optical sensing mechanism may be included as part of the module 24 to measure the displacement of the diaphragm 32 with each pulse to measure the blood pressure (BP) waveform. Each pulse through the artery or vein may cause the tissue and diaphragm 32 to move inward/outward a distance proportional to the energy of the pulse wave, which may be correlated to produce a measurement of the BP waveform. In one embodiment, the waveform may be calibrated to produce an absolute blood pressure measurement using an external reference blood pressure sensor and an external atmospheric-barometric reference pressure sensor. In an exemplary configuration, the diaphragm 32 may be covered only by the endothelial cells, basement membrane, and/or a small amount of connective tissue. In one configuration the optics and electronics may be housed within the sensor housing 26 and the capillary tube 28 and the diaphragm 32 may be housed within lumen 16. Once implanted in the body, the basement membrane and endothelial cells may grow from the edges of the injured artery wall tissue, over the surface of the diaphragm 32 to produce a continuous biocompatible/hemocompatible interface. The outer surface of the flexible diaphragm 32 and distal portion of the housing 12 may be textured or coated with compounds that promote healing of the artery wall tissue and the adhesion of the basement membrane and endothelial cell tissue. The very thin layer of cells and/or connective tissue that may cover the outer surface of the diaphragm 32 may stabilize, and not affect, the measurement of the intravascular blood pressure waveform. An external blood pressure reference sensor may be used to compensate for changes in the motion of the diaphragm 32 due to change in the diaphragm 32 material and changes in the layer of cells and connective tissue that may cover the diaphragm 32. Calibrations of the external blood pressure reference sensor may be performed in intervals or as needed to produce an accurate blood pressure measurement.

Examples of pressure transducers that may be included in the sensor module 24 include those with single or multiple deflectable diaphragms 32 with a Wheatstone bridge configuration, a single or multiple piezoelectric crystal configuration, or an optical configuration that accurately measures diaphragm 32 motion. Because the diaphragm 32 is positioned adjacent to the layer of tunica intima, the module 24 may produce an accurate measurement of the intravascular blood pressure waveform without distortion and without compressing or flattening of the artery wall, the artery lumen, the vein wall, or the vein lumen.

After implantation, the outer surface of the diaphragm 32 may remain clean or become coated with protein, carbohydrate, lipid and other compounds. The outer surface of the diaphragm 32 can also become coated with basement membrane, other connective tissue and endothelial cells. The surface of the diaphragm 32 may be textured or coated with a natural or synthetic biomaterial to enhance the adhesion of basement membrane and endothelial cells (tunica intima). Coating the outer surface of the diaphragm 32 with connective tissue or cells may change the physical characteristics of diaphragm 32 motion. This coating layer (not shown) may become stable within days to weeks of implantation in the body. The diaphragm 32 may also have a coating that inhibits the adhesion or attachment of proteins, connective tissue, endothelial cells, platelets, or coagulation factors. The diaphragm 32 may also have a coating of graphene, metal, glass, plastic, or ceramic. Thus, the implanted pressure/force sensor remains stable over time and may require infrequent re-calibration using an external BP cuff measurement system as a reference. The reference BP cuff may also contain a barometer and thermometer (measures atmospheric pressure and temperature) to enhance calibration of the implanted BP sensor.

In other configurations, the transducer's diaphragm 32 may be positioned exterior to the arterial wall, any depth within the arterial wall, or within the artery lumen exposed to flowing blood. For example, a post (not shown) may be located within the flowing blood (artery lumen) with a diaphragm 32 on its distal end or on the side of the post. The intravascular post may be inserted at a right angle to the inner wall of the artery (90 degrees) or any angle relative to the inner wall of the artery (+320 to 0 to −320 degrees). The module's 24 diaphragm 32 may be positioned on the side of the post toward the flow of blood and any position relative to the flow of blood, (0 to 360 degrees). The intravascular post BP sensor module 24 can also be re-calibrated using a reference upper arm BP cuff. An external barometer and thermometer may be used to measure changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature to enhance calibration accuracy of the implanted BP sensor's output signal. In one embodiment, the thermometer may be disposed inside the sensor housing 12 and may monitor a patient's core temperature and the performance of the optical sensor.

The module 24 may further be configured to measure a patient's blood pressure waveform in real-time. The waveform may be analyzed to determine: heart rate, heart rate variability, stroke volume, stroke volume variability, myocardial contractility, vascular resistance, systolic and diastolic timing interval, aortic and mitral valve function, blood flow, and respiratory rate/pattern of ventilation. For example, the sensor modules 24 may include a processor configured to correlate the measured physiological parameters into a vital signs measurement that can be transmitted and/or stored with a memory. The module 24 may further include one or more additional vital signs sensors disposed within the housing 26 or disposed along or within other portions of the module 24. For example, a hemoglobin oxygen saturation sensor, temperature sensor, an ECG electrode, an acoustic sensor such as a microphone, and an activity sensor may be included as part of the module 24, as discussed in more detail below.

The module 24 may include a sensor module retaining element 34 disposed around the circumference of the artery or vein. The sensor module retaining element 34 may be made from an elastic material that may secure the sensor housing 12 and the module 24 within the artery wall tissue while allowing the artery to expand and contract with each pulse. The sensor module retaining element 34 may include a plurality of links 36, each link 36 being movably connected to an adjacent link 36 to define a partial perimeter around the artery or vein. The plurality of links 36 may connect to the sensor housing 26 or the second portion 22 to completely surround the artery or vein. The movability of the links 36 allows for the artery to pulse as blood flows through it without constricting the artery or vein and maintaining contact of the housing 26 with the arterial or venous wall. The mechanism holding the links to each other the sensor module and the blood vessel wall may have a small, moderate, or large degree of elasticity. The inner surface of each link 36 may further define a porous/textured surface such that it may fuse with the arterial or venous wall tissue such that the arterial or venous wall and the links 36 may move substantially simultaneously during pulsatile blood flow. The links may also have one or more through and through openings or channels that permit the ingrowth of vessel wall tissue and vasa vasorum. A hemoglobin oxygen saturation sensor (pulse oximeter—SpO₂) 38 may be integrated within the body of one or more links or the housing 26. For example, in a configuration with five links 36 disposed around the circumference of the artery, a component of the SpO₂ sensors 38 may be affixed within one or more links 36 to provide for a plurality of photoplethysmograph waveforms and SpO₂ measurements. In one configuration, each link 36 has a recess (not shown) sized to receive one of the SpO₂ sensor components, for example, the light source and/or detector such that the only barrier between the blood flow within the artery and the SpO₂ sensor 38 is the arterial wall tissue. The pulse oximeter light source and light detector may be located on the same link or separate links located on opposite sides of the artery. Each SpO₂ sensor 38 may be in communication with the processor inside the housing 28, for example, by a conductor disposed within the sensor module retaining element 34 connecting each SpO₂ sensor to each other and to the processor. Optionally, other sensors, for example, an ECG sensor or other electrodes may be disposed within or around the sensor module retaining element 34. For example, electrodes may be disposed on opposite sides of the sensor module retaining element 34 to measure the electrocardiogram, volume of blood flow, rate of blood flow, temperature, heart/lung/upper airway/gastrointestinal sounds, respiratory rate, and pattern of ventilation.

Now referring to FIG. 4, in other configurations, the sensor housing 26 may be secured to the outside wall of the artery with a flexible and elastic stent, fabric, or mesh 40 disposed within a portion of the links 36. These materials may have an open structure to decrease mass and facilitate the ingrowth of tunica adventicia and vasa vasorum. For example, the sensor housing 26 may be fabricated with a flexible stent 40 sized to be disposed around the circumference of the artery to affix the capillary tube 28 and transducer diaphragm 32 within the lumen 16. The stent, fabric, or mesh 40 may be non-biodegradable such that it may not degrade overtime, or alternatively, may be biodegradable such that over a predetermined amount of time the stent, fabric, or mesh 40 may degrade leaving the module 24 affixed to the tunica adventicia tissue and the capillary tube 28 affixed to the artery wall tissue. The stent, fabric, or mesh may define a larger diameter to that of the module 24 to surround the module 24 and stents 40. The stent, fabric, or mesh may be made out of natural or synthetic materials that are elastic and flexible, including polymers and biopolymers such as silicone, ePTFE, Dacron®, polyurethane, polypropylene, PHEMA, polylaetate, PLG, collagen, elastic, hyaluronic acid, composites, graphene/carbon nano-tubes, metals and ceramics. Surgical clips, sutures, or a tissue adhesive are further contemplated to be used to secure the module 24 to the artery wall tissue in combination with the stent 40 or as an alternative. For example, as shown in FIG. 3B, sutures are thread through a portion of each link 36 and attach directly to the module 24. Each link 36 may define one or more apertures or channels through with the sutures, belts, or stents 40 may be disposed to facilitate securing the housing 26 to the arterial wall.

Referring now to FIG. 5 which illustrates the location of sensor module 24 implanted around the right internal mammary artery and an additional sensor module 42 a implanted within the subcutaneous tissue of the right upper chest wall, and a second additional sensor module 42 b implanted within the subcutaneous tissue of the left upper chest wall. Each sensor module 24, 42 a, and 42 b, can be constructed with one or multiple vital sign sensors per module. For example, subcutaneous tissue sensor modules 42 a and 42 b may include an EKG electrode, a microphone, a GPS sensor, an accelerometer, and a temperature sensor. The implanted blood pressure sensor 26 may be connected to one or more subcutaneous tissue sensor modules 42 a and 42 b using a biocompatible lead. One or more of the subcutaneous tissue sensor modules 42 a and 42 b may have a battery, microprocessor, digital memory, diagnostic/therapeutic control algorithms and telemetry to an external display, data analyzer and data recorder. The implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b may communicate with an external controller 44 with a display through radiofrequency telemetry. For example, the controller may be a Smartphone, tablet device, or smart watch, such as an iPhone®, iPad®, Apple Watch® 44 (FIG. 5), or FitBit® or another device that receives information, with an application in communication with a processor having processing circuity configured to communicate with the implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b and record and display the measured information. In another example, the Smartphone, tablet device, smart watch or another device may receive information, analyze the vital sign trend data, produce alerts and alarms, and communicate with a patient, care-giver or other medial professional. In one configuration, the user may wear a smart watch with built-in wireless communication to communicate with the implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b, correlate the measured data, and display the results. The controller 44 may be used by the patient and physician to display and processes the real-time and recorded sensor data, calibrate the sensors, and troubleshoot the sensors. The controller 44 may contain a barometer that measures the real-time atmospheric barometric pressure to produce a calibrated and accurate absolute blood pressure measurement. The controller 44 may contain a thermometer that measures the real-time atmospheric temperature to produce a calibrated and accurate absolute blood pressure measurement.

The implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b may be in communication with a charge storing device (battery) 46 implanted within the body separate from the sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b or within the sensor module 24, 42 a, or 42 b. The charge storing device 46 may be a hermetically sealed battery implanted within the body in wired communication with the implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b. The implantable battery 46 may be re-charged across the skin using an external power source by, for example, inductive charging. In an alternate embodiment, the energy for the implanted sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b to function may be transmitted from the outside of the body through the skin and the subcutaneous tissue using electromagnetic coupling or light coupling. Transmission of external power to the internal sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b requires low energy and thus a short transmission distance. The external power source may be located near or adhered to the skin surface for extended periods of time to power the implanted vital sign monitoring device or recharge the implanted battery. Internal sensors 24, 42 a, and 42 b may communicate through radio frequently telemetry and may have an internal power supply or an external power supply.

The module 24 containing the blood pressure sensor may be implanted around the internal thoracic (mammary) artery (between the 3^(rd)-4^(th), 4^(th)-5^(th) 5^(th)-6^(th) intercostal space) using local or general anesthesia. That artery is located perpendicular to the ribs, approximately 1 cm lateral to the sternum, and between the inner and middle intercostal muscles. In an exemplary configuration, the module 24 may be implanted at the level of the aortic valve to minimize the effects of body position on the arterial pressure waveform and the absolute blood pressure measurement. In an exemplary method of implantation, the surgeon may use a small needle, punch or an automated stapling device to puncture the wall of the artery or vein. In part because the needle may create a tapered opening in the arterial wall, the first portion 14 of the housing 12 may be inserted within the aperture created by the needle such that the first open end 18 is substantially planar or partially recessed from the basement membrane and endothelial cells. In other configurations, the needle may pierce entirely through the wall of the blood vessel. The lumen 16 of the housing 12 may be slid around the circumference of the needle and affixed inside the aperture with the artery wall tissue. The capillary tube 28 of the module 24 may then be inserted within the lumen 16 of the housing 12 for affixation within the housing 12 such that one or more transducer diaphragms 32 may be positioned substantially coplanar with the opening of the first end 18. The elastic element 34 and stents 40 may be positioned around the outside of the artery or vein and attached to the sides of the module 24 to secure the housing 12 within the artery wall tissue and the module 24 to the outside of the blood vessel wall.

In an exemplary configuration of the module 24, as shown in FIG. 3, two or more blood pressure sensor waveform transducers can be positioned around the artery with the transducer's diaphragm 32 immediately adjacent to the endothelial cells. The SpO₂ sensor 38 may be configured with one or more light sources and light detectors external to the artery wall (tunica adventicia); opposite one another (12 o'clock and 6 o'clock positions). This alignment may produce a real-time photoplethysmography signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio and minimal motion artifact. The SpO₂ sensor's 38 light sources and detectors may also be located within the artery wall tissue adjacent to the endothelial cells. The external surface of the module 24 (containing the BP sensor and SpO₂ sensor), the stents 40, and the additional sensor modules 42 a and 42 b may have a metal conducting surface, for example, an electrode that can measure the real-time electrocardiogram signal of the heart (ECG or EKG) and electrical signals due to movement of the diaphragm and chest wall. The module 24 and additional sensor modules 42 a and 42 b may also contain a temperature thermistor that continuously measures the core or blood temperature and one or more microphones that monitor and record the heart sounds (phonocardiogram), lung sounds, upper airway sounds, and gastrointestinal sounds.

The measured vital signs from module 24 and/or implanted sensors 42 a and 42 b may be used to alert, diagnose, and/or treat associated diseases or conditions that can be correlated from the measured vital signs. For example, measurements taken from one or more of the implanted sensors, namely, ECG, blood pressure waveform, pulse oximeter, thermometer, microphone, accelerometer, GPS may be combined and processed in real-time to provide diagnostic and/or therapeutic recommendations and/or therapies to the patient. Trend data from the implanted sensors can be combined with trend data from one or more non-invasive sensors, for example, a scale measuring body weight, level of activity, body position, sleep patterns, and a camera capturing an image of a patient's head, neck, and torso, and sensors which measure blood pressure and hemoglobin saturation, to provide diagnostic and/or therapeutic recommendations and/or therapies to the patient.

In an exemplary configuration, the one or more measured vital signs may be monitored in an ambulatory patient and displayed and/or stored on the controller 44 or a remote database, for example, to a physician's office and/or a central monitoring station with real-time diagnostic algorithms and a detailed patient electronic medical record (EMR). The measured vital signs may then be compared against a threshold value predetermined by the patient's physician or an algorithm based on the patient's baseline vital sign information. For example, based on the user's weight, height, age, family history, medications, medical history, and prior vital signs data, the algorithm may determine a threshold value or range for one or more of the vital sign measurements that the processor in the controller 44 or a remote location, may compare against each other to determine if a medical condition exists and alert the patient, for example, via a call, text, or alarm to the controller 44, a third-party Smartphone, the patient's Smartphone, or an email that summarizes the condition. The algorithm may trigger an event to record important vital sign sensor data and transmit the trend data to the external control module and central monitoring station for review and clinical analysis. Ambulatory patients may receive audible or visual alerts and alarms when the vital sign sensor algorithms detect a significant change in vital sign trend data. The patient may manually enter a diary of symptoms, signs, meals and medications into the diagnostic/therapeutic software algorithms to manage their disease with greater safety and efficacy. Clinicians at a central monitoring system can communicate with the patient via cell phone to initiate/adjust medical therapy and summarize the effects of that therapy over time. Described below are several diagnostic algorithms that may use multi-modal monitoring (trend data from more than one vital sign sensor) to diagnose the following conditions:

Myocardial Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction—

real-time monitoring of the ECG can be used to diagnose myocardial infarction and ischemia by analyzing ST segment depression (horizontal or down-sloping) or elevation in relation to heart rate, BP, & activity level; new onset Q waves; unifocal and multifocal premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation; premature atrial contractions; supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, new conduction delays, and new heart block related to myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Real-time monitoring of the blood pressure waveform can detect changes in BP, heart rate, stroke volume, myocardial contractility, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, systolic/diastolic timing intervals, valve function, and respiratory rate that typically occur with myocardial ischemia at rest and with exercise. Real-time monitoring of cardiac sounds can detect wheezing, rhales, S-3 sound, and a new murmur of mitral/aortic valve regurgitation due to myocardial ischemia, LV dysfunction, and pulmonary edema. Real-time monitoring with a pulse oximeter may detect an acute decrease in the arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation that may occur with myocardial ischemia at rest and with exercise. Changing from a stable to an unstable pattern would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema—

Real-time monitoring of the blood pressure waveform may be used to detect changes in myocardial contractility, stroke volume, stroke volume variability, heart rate, heart rate variability, systolic/diastolic timing intervals, valve function and respiratory rate that may occur with myocardial ischemia, infarction, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Real-time monitoring of cardiac & lung sounds can detect wheezing, rhales, S-3 sound, and a new murmurs due to LV dysfunction and acute pulmonary edema. Real-time monitoring with a pulse oximeter may detect an acute decrease in the arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Changing from a stable to an unstable pattern would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Hypertension (Mild, Moderate & Severe)

real-time monitoring of the blood pressure waveform pattern may be used to diagnose hypertension (mean, systolic & diastolic BP>target range for age) and determine the effectiveness of medical/drug/device therapy. For example, a sustained upward trend for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure and/or persistent tachycardia in relation to activity, rest, and sleep may require a change in medication or medial therapy. Medication dose may be adjusted to real-time BP data and trend data. Monitoring the ECG can detect the acute and chronic effects of hypertension on left ventricle wall thickness and myocardial electrical activity (LV hypertrophy with strain pattern). New onset moderate/severe hypertension or changing to an unstable BP pattern would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Atrial Fibrillation or Supraventricular Tachycardia—

real-time monitoring of the ECG can diagnosis new onset or recurrent atrial fibrillation and/or supraventricular tachycardia that occurs spontaneously or secondary to myocardial ischemia, CHF, or hypertension. Real-time monitoring of the arterial BP waveform can detect the hemodynamic significant of an arrhythmia (decreased BP, stroke volume, and cardiac output). Monitoring the pulse oximeter during the arrhythmia can detect decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation due to decreased and unstable blood flow. New onset atrial fibrillation, SVT or changing to an unstable rhythm pattern would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Acute Bronchospasm (Asthma)—

Changes in the vital signs measurements may be used to diagnose upper airway obstruction, large airway obstruction, small airway obstruction, bronchospasm (due to asthma or bronchitis), and pneumothorax. Real-time monitoring of cardiac, lung, and upper airway sounds can detect wheezing, rhales, rhonchi, increased respiratory rate/tidal volume (minute ventilation) and prolonged exhalation (increased work of breathing). Monitoring the arterial BP waveform can detect increased heart rate, increased heart rate variability, decreased stroke volume, increased stroke volume variability, and decreased cardiac output. Monitoring the ECG can detect an increased HR, decreased HR variability, arrhythmias, and acute right ventricle strain. Monitoring the pulse oximeter can detect an acute decrease in hemoglobin oxygen saturation. New onset bronchospasm with a high work of breathing and decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Respiratory Failure—

Changes in the vital signs measurements may be used to diagnose acute respiratory failure and a worsening of chronic bronchitis and emphysema due to acute bronchitis or pneumonia. For example, an increase in respiratory rate and minute ventilation, coughing, wheezing, decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation, persistent tachycardia, myocardial ischemia, right heart strain, and elevated temperature may be indicative of such a condition. A persistently high work of breathing and decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Intestinal Diseases (Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Diverticulitis, Ischemia)—

Changes in the vital signs measurements may be used to diagnose decompensation of inflammatory bowel disease. For example, increased/decreased bowel sounds (motility), elevated temperature, tachycardia, hypotension, decreased blood flow, tachypnea, decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation may all be indicated of such a condition.

Pulmonary Embolism—

Changes in the vital signs measurements may be used to diagnose a pulmonary embolism. For example, acute onset wheezing, increased respiratory rate, increased minute ventilation, tachycardia, atrial/ventricular arrhythmias, right ventricle strain pattern on EKG, decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation, elevated temperature, decreased stroke volume, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension, may be indicated of such a condition. Any pulmonary embolism would be considered a medical emergency requiring increased vigilance and optimized/timely medical therapy.

Hemorrhage or Dehydration—

Changes in the vital signs measurements may be used to diagnose significant dehydration due to bleeding, edema, decreased oral intake, excess urination, or diarrhea. For example, increase in heart rate, peripheral vascular resistance, respiratory rate, minute ventilation and a decrease in stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation, may be indicated of moderate to severe blood loss and/or dehydration.

The above conditions are merely exemplary of the number of ways the vital sign measurements determined from the sensor module 24 and/or additional sensor modules 42 a and 42 b may be measured and correlated in real-time against a patient established threshold to either signal an alert to the user, signal an alert to a medical professional (primary care physician or central monitoring station), or record the data or additional data for further evaluation. For example, a patient with known atrial fibrillation may have a different blood pressure threshold value compared to the blood pressure of a patient without atrial fibrillation. As such, the threshold value can be programmed by the doctor into the controller 44 or automatically by the remote database, such that when that threshold value is exceeded or falls below that threshold in a real-time ambulatory setting, depending on the threshold value, an alert may be sent to the patient, the central monitoring station, and/or the patient's physician. Similarly, patients with other conditions may have different thresholds for each vital sign measurement measured by the module 24 and/or 42 and 42 b such that each module 24 in combination with the controller 44 may be personalized for each patient to provide an early warning sign of an individual condition prior to an adverse event. Alerts and alarms can be based upon a simple threshold, a predicted threshold, or based upon a model of the patient's physiology. Moreover, based on the vital signs measurements, a therapeutic algorithm may also be used in combination with the diagnostic algorithm to recommend and/or implement therapies for the patient based on the measured vital signs compared to the patient's individual threshold values or ranges. For example, the therapeutic algorithm may operate in the above conditions as follows:

Myocardial Ischemia—

Physicians and patients currently titrate medications in response to symptoms such as “chest pain” (angina) despite the fact that greater than 80% of myocardial ischemia is silent and many “pains in the chest” are due to non-cardiac causes. Medications for ischemic heart disease may be dosed once or multiple times per day based upon quantitative vital sign data. Real-time data may be used to “recommend” an adjustment in medical therapy (nitrates, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, anticoagulant, and oxygen) based on the patient's medical history and historical vital signs measurements. It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-ischemia medications using drug infusion pumps and/or oxygen using an oxygen source and regulator. Real-time data may also be used to automatically adjust electrical nerve tissue stimulation devices and cardiovascular blood pump devices that optimize blood pressure and blood flow in a patient with a sick heart.

Congestive Heart Failure & Pulmonary Edema—

Changes in the patient's vital sign pattern may be used to detect the onset of CHF and pulmonary edema in the early stages as discussed above, such that management can occur in the ambulatory setting; avoiding a visit to the emergency room and admission to an intensive care unit. Real-time vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend an acute change in medical therapy (diuretics, catecholamines, digitalis, nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and oxygen). It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver medications, oxygen, pacemaker therapy, ventricular assist device therapy, and total artificial heart therapy that may increase myocardial contractility, control HR, control BP, control blood flow, oxygen concentration, and decrease systemic vascular resistance using drug infusion pumps and electrical stimulation.

Hypertension—

Real-time analysis of the BP waveform may calculate heart rate, heart rhythm, stroke volume, arterial blood flow, myocardial contractility, and systemic vascular resistance. Vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend an acute change in medical therapy (diuretics, beta blockers, alpha blockers, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers) and monitor the effectiveness of that medical therapy. It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-hypertension medications using drug infusion pumps and electrical therapy of nervous tissue to maintain the mean, systolic, and diastolic BP is the target range during rest, exercise, sleep, and illness.

Arrhythmia—

real-time vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend an acute change in medical therapy (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and membrane stabilizers). It is further contemplated that real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-arrhythmia medications using drug infusion pumps; and anti-arrhythmia electrical shock therapy using a defibrillation shock, a cardioversion shock and/or override pacemaker shocks.

Asthma—

real-time vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend medical therapy (oxygen, catecholamine inhaler, steroid inhaler, parenteral catecholamines) during an acute asthma attack. It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator medications using drug infusion pumps, oxygen using an oxygen source/regulator, and electrical stimulation of nervous tissue to reduce bronchospasm and inflammation.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)—

real-time vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend an acute change in medical therapy (oxygen, catecholamine inhaler, steroid inhaler, parenteral catecholamines). It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator medications using drug infusion pumps, oxygen using an oxygen source/regulator, and electrical stimulation of nervous tissue to reduce bronchospasm and inflammation.

Chronic Intestinal Diseases—

real-time vital sign sensor data may be used to recommend an acute change in medical therapy (intravenous fluids, oxygen, enteral/parenteral steroids, and enteral/parenteral anti-inflammatory medications). It is further contemplated that the real-time vital sign sensor system and closed-loop therapeutic algorithms may automatically deliver anti-inflammatory, pro-peristalsis, or anti-peristalsis medications using drug infusion pumps.

The measured vital signs data may further be processed to determine whether trend vital sign data is “abnormal” or “extreme” relative to a model of a universal healthy/stable patient or adapted to an individual patient. For example, hundreds to thousands of hours of patient vital sign data from any one or all of the sensors may be recorded and analyzed. Large data sets may be split into (1) training sets, (2) control sets, and (3) test sets. Clinical experts may review the trend data and label specific patterns as “crisis events” or “error codes.” The algorithms may learn from an individual patient's physiological patterns and determine when the trend data is “abnormal” or “extreme” with high sensitivity and specificity (minimal false alerts/alarms and few missed “real” events). The real-time method may estimate the extreme value distributions of multivariate, multimodal mixture models for analysis of complex datasets from an array of physiological vital sign sensors.

Referring now to FIG. 6, in another configuration of the implantable device 10, the sensor module 24 and its sensor housing 26 may be coupled to a sensor mounting 48 configured to be positioned around a portion of the wall of a blood vessel. The sensor mounting 48 may be composed of biocompatible materials such as titanium, stainless steel, or plastic and is configured to at least partially contour the surface of the wall of the blood vessel. In one configuration, the sensor mounting 48 is configured to permanently retain the sensor module 24 and in other configurations may be configured to releasably couple the sensor module 24. The sensor mounting 48 may include a sensor mounting retaining element 50, which may be same or similar to the sensor module retaining element 34. The sensor mounting retaining element 50 is configured to surround and wrap around the blood vessel and to releasably or permanently couple with the sensor mounting 48. The sensor mounting retaining element 50 is configured to maintain the position of the sensor mounting 48 within respect to the blood vessel.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, the sensor mounting 48 may include a platform 52 configured to receive the sensor housing 26. In exemplary configuration, the platform 52 is elongate in shape and defines an interior surface 54 and an exterior surface 56. The interior surface 54 may be substantially planar such that when the sensor housing is mounted to the sensor mounting 48 it is substantially flush with the platform 52. The exterior surface 56 may be curved along the entire length or a portion of the length of the platform 52 to match or substantially match the curvature of the blood vessel. For example, the exterior surface 56 may be positioned to face the exterior of the wall of the blood vessel and define a concavity such that the platform 52 may curve around the blood vessel wall. In other configurations, the exterior surface 56 may be substantially planar along its length.

Extending away from the platform 52 may be a pair of projecting arms 58 a and 58 b (collectively referred to herein as projecting arms 58). Each of the projecting arms 58 may include a proximal portion 60 extending away from the platform 52 in a direction substantially orthogonal to the substantially planar interior surface 54 and a distal portion 62 extending inward and away from the proximal portion 60 in a direction substantially parallel to the substantially planar interior surface 54. Each of the proximal portion 60 may cooperate with the exterior surface 56 of the platform 52 to define a curvature similar to the curvature of the blood vessel. The projecting arms 58 are configured to lock the housing 26 within the sensor mounting 48. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the sensor housing 26 may include a base 64 configured to press against the platform 52 when the sensor housing is inserted within the interior of the sensor mounting 48. The base 64 may extend underneath the distal portion 62 of each of the projecting arms 58 such that sensor housing 26 is locked to the sensor mounting 48. Optionally, each of the projecting arms 58 may define a slot 66 configured to receive a tab 67 (shown in FIG. 10) on the base 64. When the base 64 is received within the sensor mounting 48, the tab 67 on opposite sides of the base 64 may slide within the slot 66 to lock the sensor housing 26 to the sensor mounting 48.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 7, the platform 52 may define an aperture 68 proximate its midpoint or at any position along its length. The aperture 68 is sized to receive and retain a portion of the sensor module 24. For example, the aperture 68 may be sized to receive the first portion 14 of the housing 12 such that when the first portion 14 of the housing 12 is inserted within the aperture 68, the first portion may extend a distance away from the platform 52 and into a portion of a blood vessel. The aperture 68 may be sized to receive a predetermined sized housing 12 based on the outer diameter wall thickness of the blood vessel to be inserted. For example, the aperture 68 may define a length substantially the same as the length of the first portion 14 for a particular artery. Thus, platforms 52 having differently sized apertures 68 may be selected depending on the thickness of the blood vessel wall in which the sensor module 24 is inserted. To provide for proper depth of insertion within the platform 52 and therefore the blood vessel, the platform 52 may further define an annular recess 70 disposed about the aperture 68. For example, the recesses 70 may be step-down in height from the platform 52 and the aperture 68 may be a step-down in height from the recess 70. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the second portion 22 of the housing 12 is sized to be received within the recess 70 and when the second portion 22 of the housing 12 is received within the recess 70, the second portion 22 and the platform 52 are substantially co-planar. Thus, the recess 70 functions to limit the distance the first portion 14 of the housing 12 may be advanced through the aperture 68 to provide for proper alignment of the diaphragm 32. A surgeon may use non-invasive ultrasound to determine the outer diameter, inner diameter, and thickness of blood vessel wall to determine the optimal combination of platform aperture 68 height, first portion 14 length, and second portion 22 length to locate the diaphragm 32 adjacent to the endothelial cells and their corresponding basement membrane. The underneath side of the second portion 22 may be secured to the superior surface of the platform's 52 annular recess 70 using adhesive or double sided-tape

Referring now to FIGS. 6-8, the sensor mounting retaining element 50 may include the plurality of connected and spaced apart links 36 as described above, or alternatively may be a single sheet, for example a fabric, elastic band, or an adhesive. In either configuration, the sensor mounting retraining element 50 is configured to wrap around the wall of the blood vessel. In the configuration in which the sensor mounting retaining element 50 includes the plurality of spaced apart links 36, the links 36 may include some or all of the features and components described above, including but not limited to the SpO₂ sensors. The links 36 may be composed implantable grade titanium, stainless steel, plastic, or another implantable grade material, or alternatively, may be composed of a biodegradable or bioabsorbable material. In one configuration, each link 36 of the plurality of links 26 may be over molded with silicone. The silicone over mold may define mesh like pattern to promote tissue growth further provide optimal mounting strength while minimizing compression for the specific blood vessel. In one configuration, the links 36 may be evenly spaced to evenly distribute the force around the blood vessel. The number of links 36 may be increased or decreased for different blood vessels.

In one configuration, the links 36 may be connected by one or more strips 72 that extend through or on each of the links 36. In the configuration shown in FIG. 6, two strips 72 are shown extending through each of the links 36. The strips 72 may be composed of silicon or other elastic materials, such as TPU, TPE, and the like such that they are flexible with the movement of the blood vessel. In particular, the elasticity of the strips 72 provide for flexibility of the sensor mounting retaining element 34 such that when the blood vessel pulses owing to systolic and diastolic pressure within the artery, the sensor mounting 48 maintains its positions with respect to the artery as the plurality of links 36 and the strips 72 flex to distribute the force from the pulsating blood vessel to the plurality of links 36 and the strips 72. The plurality of links 36 may include a first end link 74 and a second end link 76 at the ends of the sensor mounting retaining elements 48. The first end link 74 is configured to couple to a first side of the sensor mounting 48 and the second end link is configured to couple to a second side of the sensor mounting 48. In one configuration, as shown in FIG. 7, the sensor mounting 48 defines a first channel 78 on the first side of the sensor mounting 48 and a second channel 80 on the second side of the sensor mounting 48. The first end link 74 is configured to lock within the first channel 78 and the second end link 76 is configured to lock within the second channel 80. For example, the end links 74 and 76 may be configured as v-slots to slide in and lock in to the mounting platform 48. In other configurations, the end links 74 and 76 may be coupled to the sensor mounting 48 by being molded to the sensor mounting 48 to form a unitary component. In one configuration, at least one of the end links 74 and 76 are permanently coupled within its corresponding channels 78 and 80 and the other end 74 or 76 is releasably couplable to its corresponding channel 78 and 80.

Referring now to FIG. 9, the housing 12 may be coupled or otherwise engaged to a portion of the sensor housing 26 such that the sensor housing 26 rests on the housing 12. For example, as discussed above, a portion of the sensor module 24 may extend into and through the housing 12 and into the blood vessel to position the diaphragm 32 adjacent to the endothelial cells and basement membrane. A thin layer of endothelial cells, basement membrane, and connective tissue may grow over the surface of the diaphragm 32 within, for example, 24 hours to produce a hemo-compatible surface that minimizes platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, the second portion 22 of the housing 12 may define a diameter larger than the diameter of the first portion 14 with the lumen extending there through. Although the first portion 14 is shown as cylindrical and the second portion 22 is shown as annular, any shape is contemplated. In on configuration, when the housing 12 is inserted within the aperture 68 and the second portion 22 is nested within the recess 60, the second portion 22 may extend a distance within the blood vessel through the aperture created by a puncture in the blood vessel wall. In one configuration, the second portion 22 may extend a predetermined distance into the wall of the blood vessel between, for example, 1-1500 microns and be embedded within the wall of the blood vessel such that the diaphragm 32 is within the blood vessel wall adjacent to the endothelial cells and basement membrane. In other configurations, for example, as shown in FIG. 11, the capillary tube 28 and/or fiber optics 30 may extend through the housing 12 and the blood vessel wall such that the diaphragm 32 is positioned adjacent to the endothelial cells and basement membrane. In other configurations, the distal end of the first portion 14 and the sensor diaphragm 32 are positioned within the vessel wall tissue some distance proximal to the endothelial cells and basement membrane. In other configurations, the distal end of the housing first portion 14 and the sensor diaphragm 32 are positioned in the vessel lumen in direct contact with the blood stream. In other configurations, no housing 12 is included, or the housing 12 degrades over time, and the sensor module 24 fits within the sensor mounting 48 and the capillary tube 28 and/or fiber optics 30 extend through the recess 68 and into the lumen of the blood vessel.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An implantable device for a patient having a blood vessel with a blood vessel wall, comprising: a sensor mounting, the sensor mounting being sized and configured to at least partially contour the wall of the blood vessel and to receive and retain a sensor module, the sensor mounting including an elongate platform, the elongate platform defining an aperture sized to receive a portion of the sensor module; a sensor mounting retaining element coupled to the sensor mounting, the sensor mounting retaining element being configured to wrap around the blood vessel; and a housing sized to be received within the aperture and sized and configured to receive a portion of the sensor module, the housing including a first portion defining a first open end, a second portion opposite the first end, and a lumen therebetween, the first portion being sized to be at least partially implanted within the wall of the blood vessel.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the elongate platform defines a substantially planar surface.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the platform defines a recess around the aperture, and wherein the second portion of the housing is sized to be received within the recess and when the second portion of the housing is received within the recess, the second portion and the platform are substantially co-planar.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor mounting retaining element includes a plurality of connected and spaced apart links.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the plurality of connected and spaced apart links include at least one elastic strip connected through each of the plurality of connected and spaced apart links and configured to connect the plurality of links together.
 6. The device of claim 4, wherein the plurality of connected and spaced apart links are bioabsorbable.
 7. The device of claim 4, wherein the plurality of connected and spaced apart links includes a first end link and a second end link, and wherein the sensor mounting includes a first side and a second side opposite the first side, and wherein the first end link is configured to couple to the first side of the sensor mounting and the second end link is configured to couple to the second side of the sensor mounting.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the sensor mounting includes a first channel on the first side of the sensor mounting and a second channel on the second side of the sensor mounting, and wherein the first end link is configured to lock within the first channel and the second end link is configured to lock within the second channel.
 9. An implantable device for a patient having a blood vessel with a blood vessel wall, comprising: a sensor mounting, the sensor mounting being sized and configured to at least partially contour the wall of the blood vessel, the sensor mounting including an elongate platform defining an aperture; sensor module sized to be received with the aperture, the sensor module including at least one sensor to measure at least one patient vital sign, the sensor mounting being configured to receive and retain the sensor module; a plurality of connected and spaced apart links coupled to the sensor mounting, the plurality of connected and spaced apart links being configured to wrap around the blood vessel and to maintain the position of the sensor module with respect to the blood vessel during pulsatile movements of the blood vessel; and a housing sized to be received within the aperture and sized and configured to receive a portion of the sensor module, the housing including a first portion defining a first open end, a second portion opposite the first end, and a lumen therebetween, the first portion being sized to be at least partially implanted within the wall of the blood vessel.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the elongate platform defines a substantially planar surface and a pair of projecting arms extending away from the substantially planar surface in a direction substantially orthogonal to the planar surface.
 11. The device of claim 10, wherein each of the pair of projecting arms includes a proximal portion and a distal portion, and wherein the proximal portion of each of the pair of projecting arms defines a curvature configured to contour the wall of the blood vessel, and wherein the distal portion of each of the pair of projecting arms extends inward.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the sensor module includes a base, and wherein a portion of the base extends underneath the distal portion of each of the pair of projecting arms to lock the sensor module to the sensor mounting.
 13. The device of claim 9, wherein the platform defines a recess around the aperture, and wherein the second portion of the housing is sized to be received within the recess and when the second portion of the housing is received within the recess, the second portion and the platform are substantially co-planar.
 14. An implantable device for a patient having a blood vessel with a blood vessel wall, comprising: a sensor mounting, the sensor mounting being sized and configured to at least partially contour the wall of the blood vessel, the sensor mounting including an elongate platform defining a substantially planar surface and a pair of projecting arms extending away from the substantially planar surface in a direction substantially orthogonal to the planar surface, the elongate platform defining an aperture; a sensor module, the sensor module including a sensor housing having at least one sensor to measure a blood pressure waveform, the sensor mounting being configured to receive and retain the sensor module, the sensor module including a base, and wherein a portion of the base extends underneath a distal portion of each of the pair of projecting arms to lock the sensor module to the sensor mounting; a housing, the housing being sized to be received within the aperture, the housing being sized and configured to receive a portion of the sensor module, the housing includes a first portion defining a first open end, a second portion opposite the first end, and a lumen therebetween, the first portion being sized to be at least partially implanted within the wall of the blood vessel, the platform defines a recess around the aperture, and the second portion of the housing is sized to be received within the recess, and when the second portion of the housing is received within the recess, the second portion and the platform are substantially co-planar; and a plurality of connected and spaced apart links coupled to the sensor mounting, the plurality of connected and spaced apart links being configured to wrap around the blood vessel to maintain the position of the sensor module with respect to the blood vessel during pulsatile movements of the blood vessel, the plurality of connected and spaced apart links include a first end link and a second link, the sensor mounting includes a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first end link is configured to couple to the first side of the sensor mounting and the second end link is configured to couple to the second side of the sensor mounting, each of the links in the plurality of connected and spaced apart links being substantially evenly spaced, the plurality of spaced apart including at least on strip molded through each of the plurality of connected and spaced apart links and configured to connect the plurality of connected and spaced apart links together. 